[BackTracking] [C++] Permutations of given string


// STRING PERMUTATIONS
void swap(char &a, char &b)
{
a = a^b;
b = a^b;
a = a^b;
}
void _strPermute(char *s, int n, int pos)
{
if (pos == n-1)
{
cout << s << endl;
return;
}
for (int i = pos + 1; i < n; i++)
{
swap(s[pos], s[i]);
_strPermute(s, n, pos + 1);
swap(s[pos], s[i]);
}
}
void printStringPermutations(char *s, int n)
{
if (n < 2) return;
_strPermute(s, n, 0);
}


[TIP] How to unselect all items in Wunderlist

I’ve been using Wunderlist for some time. It is a great tool especially when it comes to group shopping. I’ve seen a lot of people posting questions on how to “group unselect” items on wunderlist. It was even on  the “most requested feature-list”.

I found a way to do this in 3 super quick steps- so sharing it below:

1. Press CTRL+A to select all items (Ensure the completed items are hidden – this should be default) and then Press CTRL+D to mark them as completed.
2. Now all items should be hidden since they are marked as complete. Now click ‘Show marked items’ to show them all.
3. CTRL+A to select all and CTRL+D to mark them incomplete.

This has really helped me with my grocery lists since I would need to reset it before the next purchase.

WildCard Matching algorithm

The logic is quite simple. We do the following 3 basic checks before we do the comparison:

1. Check for nulls and return if either of the String or Pattern is null
2. Check if we have reached the end of string. If so, return true
3. If either of string or pattern are left over, return false
4. One case that we need to explicitly handle is when string is EMPTY and pattern is made solely of one or more *s.

Comparison:

1. If it is a char or ?, skip 1 ahead in both string and pattern
2. If it is a *, return the result of
   • string+1,pattern+1 – For handling multiple *s
   • string,pattern+1     – For handling null *
   • string+1,pattern     – For handling multi-char *

The actual code is pretty simple. The following code has a complexity of around 2^n for an sized string.

bool OnlyAskterisk(char* Pattern)
{
 if (*Pattern == '\0') return true;
 if (*Pattern != '*') return false;
 else return OnlyAskterisk(Pattern + 1);
}

bool isMatch(char *String, char *Pattern)
{
 //Base case checks
 if (*String=='\0' &&OnlyAskterisk(Pattern)) return true;
 if (!String || !Pattern) return false;
 if (*String == '\0' && *Pattern == '\0') return true;
 if (*String == '\0' || *Pattern == '\0') return false; //Tricky case which is used to eliminate stack overflows with * variable

//Actual comparisons
 if ((*String == *Pattern) || (*Pattern == '?'))
 return isMatch(String + 1, Pattern + 1);
 //Multimatch- StringMoves, No Match-PatternMoves SingleMatch- BothMove. Single match is to handle last char being *
 if (*Pattern == '*') return (isMatch(String + 1, Pattern) || isMatch(String + 1, Pattern + 1) || isMatch(String, Pattern + 1));
 return false;
}

Hash Table in C++

I have implemented a simple hash-table in C++. I have used the modified version of Bernstein’s Hash function for it. For more on the Bernstein’s hash, read this http://eternallyconfuzzled.com/tuts/algorithms/jsw_tut_hashing.aspx

 

 

</pre>
class HashTable
{
 typedef long long unsigned int HashValueType;
 typedef int KeyType;
 int BucketSize;
 vector<vector<KeyType>> Buckets;

 void InsertAtBucket(int ValueParam, int BucketId)
 {
 Buckets[BucketId].push_back(ValueParam);
 }
 bool FindAtBucket(int ValueParam, int BucketId)
 {
 if (Buckets[BucketId].size() <= 0) return false;
 vector<KeyType>::iterator Ptr = Buckets[BucketId].begin();
 while (Ptr != Buckets[BucketId].end())
 {
 if ((*Ptr) == ValueParam) return true;
 Ptr++;
 }
 return false;
 }
 HashValueType HashFunction(void* Input, int Size)
 {
 HashValueType HValue = 0;
 for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
 HValue = (33 * HValue) + ((char*)Input)[i];
 return HValue;;
 }
public:

HashTable(int BucketSizeParam = 100)
 {
 BucketSize = BucketSizeParam;
 Buckets.clear();
 for (int i = 0; i < BucketSize; i++)
 Buckets.push_back(vector<KeyType>());
 }
 void Insert(int ValueParam)
 {
 //BucketSize
 if (!LookUp(ValueParam))
 InsertAtBucket(ValueParam, HashFunction(&ValueParam,sizeof(int))%BucketSize);
 }

bool LookUp(int ValueParam)
 {
 return FindAtBucket(ValueParam, HashFunction(&ValueParam, sizeof(int))%BucketSize);
 }
};
<pre>

Priority Queue implementation using MaxHeap

The Priority Queue with a MaxRemove() interface can be implemented using a MaxHeap which is a complete binary tree that maintains the maximum (here it would be the maximum of the priority values) of the elements that it contains at its root.

The Code is super simple and is as follows:

PriorityQueue(int CapacityParam)
 {
 Data = (int*)malloc(CapacityParam*sizeof(int));
 ToH = -1;
 Capacity = CapacityParam;
 }

void Display()
 {
 cout << "\nList:\n";
 for (int iter = 0; iter <= ToH; iter++)
 cout << " " << Data[iter];
 }

void HeapifyUp(int Position)
 {
 if (Position < 1) return;
 if (Data[Position]>Data[(Position - 1) / 2])
 {
 Swap(&(Data[Position]), &(Data[(Position - 1) / 2]));
 HeapifyUp((Position - 1) / 2);
 }
 }

bool Insert(int ParamValue)
 {
 if (ToH >= Capacity - 1) return false; //QueueOverflow
 Data[++ToH] = ParamValue;
 HeapifyUp(ToH);
 return true;
 }

void HeapifyDown(int Position)
 {
 if (2 * Position + 1 > ToH) return;
 if (2 * Position + 2 <= ToH)
 {
 //LR exists
 if (Data[2 * Position + 1] > Data[2 * Position + 2])
 {
 //L
 if (Data[2 * Position + 1] > Data[Position]) Swap(&(Data[2 * Position + 1]) ,& (Data[Position]));
 HeapifyDown(2 * Position + 1);
 }
 else
 {
 //R
 if (Data[2 * Position + 2] > Data[Position]) Swap(&(Data[2*Position+2]), &(Data[Position]));
 HeapifyDown(2 * Position + 2);
 }
 }
 else
 {
 //Only L exists
 //L
 if (Data[2 * Position + 1] > Data[Position]) Swap(&(Data[2 * Position + 1]), &(Data[Position]));
 HeapifyDown(2 * Position + 1);
 }
 }

void SortDump()
 {
 int SortToH = ToH;
 while (ToH >= 0)
 {
 Swap(&(Data[0]), &(Data[ToH]));
 --ToH;
 HeapifyDown(0);
 }
 ToH = SortToH;
 Display();
 }
};

void FillArrayWithRand(int *Array, int Size)
{
 if (!Array || Size<=0) return;
 for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
 Array[i] = (rand() % 10);
}
int main()
{
 //Dont allow 0 in the tree for CommonAncestor problem

const int DataSetSize = 9999;
 int *RandArray = (int*)malloc(DataSetSize * sizeof(int));
 FillArrayWithRand(RandArray, DataSetSize);
 cout << "\nRandom Array:\n";
 for (int i = 0; i < DataSetSize; i++)
 cout<<" "<<RandArray[i];

PriorityQueue test(DataSetSize);
 for (int i = 0; i < DataSetSize; i++)
 test.Insert( RandArray[i]);
 test.Display();
 test.SortDump();

cout << "\n\nEnd of code";
 system("pause");

return 0;
}

&nbsp;

InFix to PostFix and PreFix conversion [C++]

To Convert from InFix to Postfix:

• Print out constants from InFix directly onto the Postfix output
• For operators, insert them into a stack
•     Before insertion, make sure to pop out (and print to Postfix output) all operator that have higher precedence than that of the operator currently being inserted.
• After the entire Infix is processed, flush the stack (if it is not empty) onto the Postfix output

-In case of InFix to Prefix, we must start processing the string from the RIGHT most to LEFT most instead of the usual LEFT to RIGHT.

-This code can handle only numbers from 0-9 (single digit) and +-*/ operators.

//Evaluate the given expression
#include<iostream>
#include<stack>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

//Only single digit numbers permitted

int GetPrecedence(char op)
{
 switch (op)
 {
 case '+':
 case '-':
 return 1;
 case '*':
 case '/':
 default:
 return 2;
 }
}
char* ConvertInorderToPreOrder(char* InOrderExp, int Size)
{
 stack<char> Operators;
 vector<char> PostOrderResult;
 for (int i = Size-1; i >=0; i--)
 if (InOrderExp[i] >= '0'&& InOrderExp[i] <= '9')
 PostOrderResult.push_back(InOrderExp[i]);
 else
 {
 while (!Operators.empty() && GetPrecedence(Operators.top()) >= GetPrecedence(InOrderExp[i]))
 {
 PostOrderResult.push_back(Operators.top());
 Operators.pop();
 }
 Operators.push(InOrderExp[i]);
 }
 while (!Operators.empty())
 {
 PostOrderResult.push_back(Operators.top());
 Operators.pop();
 }
 char *ResultString = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*PostOrderResult.size()+1);
 memset(ResultString, 0, sizeof(char)*(PostOrderResult.size() + 1));
 for (int i = 0; i < PostOrderResult.size(); i++)
 ResultString[i] = PostOrderResult[i];
 ResultString[PostOrderResult.size()] = '\0';
 _strrev(ResultString);
 return ResultString;
}
char* ConvertInorderToPostOrder(char* InOrderExp, int Size)
{
 stack<char> Operators;
 vector<char> PostOrderResult;
 for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
 if (InOrderExp[i] >= '0'&& InOrderExp[i] <= '9')
 PostOrderResult.push_back(InOrderExp[i]);
 else
 {
 while (!Operators.empty() && GetPrecedence(Operators.top()) >= GetPrecedence(InOrderExp[i]))
 {
 PostOrderResult.push_back(Operators.top());
 Operators.pop();
 }
 Operators.push(InOrderExp[i]);
 }
 while (!Operators.empty())
 {
 PostOrderResult.push_back(Operators.top());
 Operators.pop();
 }
 char *ResultString = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)*PostOrderResult.size()+1);
 memset(ResultString, 0, sizeof(char)*(PostOrderResult.size()+1));
 for (int i = 0; i < PostOrderResult.size(); i++)
 ResultString[i] = PostOrderResult[i];
 ResultString[PostOrderResult.size()] = '\0';
 return ResultString;
}

int main()
{

char InExp[] = "2+3*7-5*2-4/2*5+1-4+2/2+1";
 cout << "\nInput: " << InExp;
 cout << "\n\n";
 cout << "\n\PostFix = " << ConvertInorderToPostOrder(InExp, strlen(InExp));
 cout << "\n\PreFix = " << ConvertInorderToPreOrder(InExp, strlen(InExp));
 cout << "\n\nEnd of code\n\n";
 system("pause");
 return 0;
}

[Binary Tree] Convert a List to a Binary Search Tree of minimal height

The Problem is to create a binary search tree of minimal possible height from a given list of values. The algorithm for this is quite simple:

1. Sort the items (ascending as well as descending order would do)
2. Use divide and conquer approach for selecting the items for insertion from the array. Given the list, insert its MID item. Then Partition the list into two: 1 list with items less than the MID and another list with items more than MID and recursively process those lists.
3. The crux of this function is as follows:

void _InsertListRec(int *Arr, int StartIndex, int EndIndex)
 {
 if (StartIndex > EndIndex) return;
 int Mid = 0;
 Mid = StartIndex + (EndIndex - StartIndex) / 2;
 Insert(Arr[Mid]);
 _InsertListRec(Arr, StartIndex, Mid - 1);
 _InsertListRec(Arr, Mid + 1, EndIndex);
 }

The full code is as follows:

class TreeNode
{
public:
 TreeNode *Left, *Right;
 int NodalValue;

TreeNode(int ValueParam)
 {
 NodalValue = ValueParam;
 Left = Right = NULL;
 }
};

 

class BinarySearchTree
{
 TreeNode* Root;

void _Insert(TreeNode* Ptr, int ValueParam)
 {
 //if (!Ptr) return;
 if (Ptr->NodalValue == ValueParam) return;
 if (ValueParam < Ptr->NodalValue)
 {
 if (Ptr->Left == NULL) Ptr->Left = new TreeNode(ValueParam);
 else _Insert(Ptr->Left, ValueParam);
 }
 else
 {
 if (Ptr->Right == NULL) Ptr->Right = new TreeNode(ValueParam);
 else _Insert(Ptr->Right, ValueParam);
 }
 return;
 }

void _DFS(TreeNode* Ptr)
 {
 if (!Ptr) return;
 _DFS(Ptr->Left);
 cout << " " << Ptr->NodalValue;
 _DFS(Ptr->Right);
 }

public:
 BinarySearchTree()
 {
 Root = NULL;
 }

void Insert(int ValueParam)
 {
 if (!Root)
 {
 Root = new TreeNode(ValueParam);
 return;
 }
 _Insert(Root, ValueParam);
 }

void DFS()
 {
 cout << "\nDFS:\n";
 _DFS(Root);
 }

queue<TreeNode*> NodalQueue;
 void BFS()
 {
 cout << "\nBFS:\n";
 if (!Root) return;
 while (!NodalQueue.empty())
 NodalQueue.pop();
 cout << Root->NodalValue << "\n";
 NodalQueue.push(Root);
 int CLev = 1, NLev = 0;
 while (NodalQueue.size() > 0)
 {
 TreeNode *Ptr = NodalQueue.front();
 NodalQueue.pop();
 CLev--;
 if (Ptr->Left){
 cout << Ptr->Left->NodalValue<<" ";
 NodalQueue.push(Ptr->Left);
 NLev++;
 }
 if (Ptr->Right)
 {
 cout << Ptr->Right->NodalValue<<" ";
 NodalQueue.push(Ptr->Right);
 NLev++;
 }
 if (!CLev)
 {
 cout << "\n";
 CLev = NLev;
 NLev = 0;
 }
 }

}
 void _ClearTree(TreeNode *Ptr)
 {
 if (!Ptr) return;
 if (Ptr->Left){ _ClearTree(Ptr->Left); delete Ptr; }
 if (Ptr->Right){ _ClearTree(Ptr->Right); delete Ptr; };
 }
 void ClearTree()
 {
 //Post order node deltion
 _ClearTree(Root);
 Root = NULL;
 }

void _InsertListRec(int *Arr, int StartIndex, int EndIndex)
 {
 if (StartIndex > EndIndex) return;
 int Mid = 0;
 Mid = StartIndex + (EndIndex - StartIndex) / 2;
 Insert(Arr[Mid]);
 _InsertListRec(Arr, StartIndex, Mid - 1);
 _InsertListRec(Arr, Mid + 1, EndIndex);
 }

enum INSERT_OPTION
 {
 DEFAULT=0,
 MIN_HEIGHT=1
 };

void InsertList(int *Arr, int Size, INSERT_OPTION CallOption= DEFAULT)
 {
 ClearTree();

switch (CallOption)
 {

case BinarySearchTree::MIN_HEIGHT:
 //Sort the list
 //->Here assuming that the list is already sorted
 _InsertListRec(Arr, 0, Size-1);
 break;

case BinarySearchTree::DEFAULT:
 for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
 Insert(Arr[i]);
 break;

default:
 cout << "\nInvalid Call option\n";
 break;
 }
 }
};

&nbsp;

int main()
{
 int Array[] = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 };
 BinarySearchTree test;

 test.InsertList(Array, 7);
 test.DFS();
 test.BFS();
 cout << "\n\nCreating minumum tree:\n";
 test.InsertList(Array, 7, BinarySearchTree::MIN_HEIGHT);
 test.DFS();
 test.BFS();

cout << "\n\nEnd of code";
 system("pause");

return 0;
}